Marine Expert Statement Calling for a Pause to Deep-Sea Mining
Signed by 814 marine science & policy experts from over 44 countries
The deep sea is home to a significant proportion of Earth’s biodiversity, with most species yet to be discovered. The richness and diversity of organisms in the deep sea supports ecosystem processes necessary for the Earth’s natural systems to function. The deep ocean also constitutes more than 90% of the biosphere, and plays a key role in climate regulation, fisheries production, and elemental cycling. It is an integral part of the culture and well-being of local communities and the seafloor forms part of the common heritage of humankind. However, deep-sea ecosystems are currently under stress from a number of anthropogenic stressors including climate change, bottom trawling and pollution. Deep-sea mining would add to these stressors, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning that would be irreversible on multi-generational timescales. Amongst the specific concerns over the impacts of deep-sea mining are:
the direct loss of unique and ecologically important species and populations as a result of the degradation, destruction or elimination of seafloor habitat, many before they have been discovered and understood;
the production of large, persistent sediment plumes that would affect seafloor and midwater species and ecosystems well beyond the actual mining sites;
the interruption of important ecological processes connecting midwater and benthic ecosystems;
the resuspension and release of sediment, metals and toxins into the water column, both from mining the seafloor and the discharge of mining wastewater from ships, detrimental to marine life including the potential for contamination of commercially important species of food fish such as tunas;
noise pollution arising from industrial machine activity on the ocean floor and the transport of ore slurries in pipes to the sea surface, that could cause physiological and behavioral stress to marine mammals and other marine species;
uncertain impacts on carbon sequestration dynamics and deep-ocean carbon storage.
There is a paucity of rigorous scientific information available concerning the biology, ecology and connectivity of deep-sea species and ecosystems, as well as the ecosystem services they provide. Without this information, the potential risks of deep-sea mining to deep-ocean biodiversity, ecosystems and functioning, as well as human well-being, cannot be fully understood. At the same time, a growing number of scientific reports (IPBES, IPCC, etc.) indicate that Earth's biodiversity is increasingly at risk of extinction.
For the reasons outlined above, we strongly recommend that the transition to the exploitation of mineral resources be paused until sufficient and robust scientific information has been obtained to make informed decisions as to whether deep-sea mining can be authorized without significant damage to the marine environment and, if so, under what conditions. The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) provides an opportune period in which to collect more information about the species and ecosystems that could be affected by deep-sea mining. As scientists, we deeply value evidence-based decision making, especially in instances as consequential as a global decision to open up an entirely new frontier of the ocean to large-scale industrial resource exploitation. The sheer importance of the ocean to our planet and people, and the risk of large-scale and permanent loss of biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem functions, necessitates a pause of all efforts to begin mining of the deep sea, in line with the precautionary principle, and an acceleration of research so that we can gain a better understanding of what is at stake.
Statement signatories
Lucas A'Bear
Amin Abdallah
Dr. Juliano Palacios Abrantes
Dr. Mohamed Adel
Andreas Aditya Salim
Dr. Arturo Angulo Sibaja
Husamuddin Ahmadzai
Dr. Juan Jose Alava
Oscar Albornoz
Dr. Joan Alfaro
Krisha Algoso
Dr. Diva Amon
Dr Jeremy Anbleyth-Evans
Dr. Jesper Andersen
Jada Tullos Anderson
Yochi Andrawina
Dr. Roberto Anitori
Diana Antochiw
Víctor Aramayo
Dr. Inés Aramendía
Gonzalo Araujo
Dr. Jeff Ardron
Homero Aridjis
Russell Arnott
Siti Indriasari Galuh Sekar Arum
Syd Ascione
Dr. Oliver Ashford
Victoria Assad
Dr. Trisha Atwood
Dr. Asta Audzijonyte
Dr. Steve Auscavitch
Dr. Peter J Auster
Dr. David Bailey
Dr. Maria Baker
Dr. Paul Baker
Carla Baleani
Jake Ballard
Kelsey Archer Barnhill
Dr. Thibaut Barreyre
Dr. Amanda Bates
Chloé Baumas
Dr. Narissa Bax
Sarah Becker
Dr. Kristina Beck
Danielle Becker
Lara Beckmann
Dr. María Belén Alfonso
Maximiliano Bello
Lila Ardor Bellucci
Sophie Benbow
Frida Bengtsson
Dr. Steven Benjamins
Dr. Elisa Berdalet
Jennifer Berglund
Dr. Melanie Bergmann
Franziska S. Bergmeier
Julio Bernal
Hannah Bernard
Daniela Bertotto
Tadzio Bervoets
Dr. Christiane Biermann
Dr. Holly Bik
Meri Bilan
Giles Blackie
Dr. Robert Blasiak
Dr. Magdalena Błażewicz
Dr. Joana Boavida
Dr. W.Frank Bohlen
Dr Monika Bohm
Dr. Paulo Bonifácio
Dr. Pablo Borboroglu
Dr. Cesar Bordehore
Natascha Borgstein
Dr. Angel Borja
Dr. Stephanie Borrelle
Catherine Borremans
Dr. Noelle Bowlin
Dr. Katlin Bowman
Tremaine Bowman
Dr. James Bradley
Clara Braña
Dr. Simone Nunes Brandao
Dr. Angelika Brandt
Dr. Miriam Brandt
Dr. Justin Brashares
Dr. Madeleine Brasier
Dr. María Emilia Bravo
William Brazelton
Dr. Corinna Breusing
Emmeline Broad
Dr. Deborah Bronk
Dr. Sandra Brooke
Dr. Mercer Brugler
Otis Brunner
River Bryant
Dr. Pamela Buchan
Salome Buglass
Dr. Lene Buhl-Mortensen
Dr Nancy Bunbury
Dr.Dennis Bunke
Valerie Burgener
Dr. Julian Burgos
Dr. Stephanie Bush
Michael J. A. Butler
Paul Butler
Candy Byrom
Wilfred Calder-Potts
Lic. Sergio Cambronero Solano
Dr. Christopher Cameron
Andy Cameron
Dr. Neus Campanyà-Llovet
Ana Campoy
Alessandra Cani
Dr. Mathilde Cannat
Sara Cannon
Catia Canteiro
Juan Carlos Cardenas
Dr. Anais Cario
Gabrielle Carmine
Dr. Bethanie Carney Almroth
Jane Carrick
Amber Carter
Deb Castellana
Adrian Castillo
Dr. Peter Castro
Mariano Castro
Dr. Teresa Cerqueira
Dr. Florencia Cerutti
Dr. Abbie Chapman
Natasha Chapplow
Alexis Chappuis
Dr. Chong Chen
Mathieu Chevalier
Ruth Chigbo
Dr. Giovanni Chimienti
Caroline Chin
Dr. Anela Choy
Dr. Lionel Christiaen
Dr. Patrick Christie
Daisy Chung
Tyler-Rae Chung
Gabriella Church
Alessia Ciraolo
Dr. Giuseppe Civitarese
Nichola Clark
Dr. Matthew Clarkson
Dr. Joachim Claudet
Jason Cleland
Mary Clinton
Dr. Giovanni Coco
Dr. Stephen Cody
Sara Cognuck González
Dr. Sarah Cohen
Dennis Conetta
Dr. Erik Cordes
Dr. Jorge Cortés
André Costa
Tanya Cox
Chestina Craig
Dr. Jessica Cramp
Dr. Simon Cripps
Dr. Emma Critchley
Dr. Fabio Crocetta
Dr. Katy Croff Bell
Dr. Peter Croot
Danielle Crowley
Brittany Cummings
Dr. Marina R. Cunha
Emily Cunningham
Dr. Amelia Curd
Bronwen Currie
Dr. Gregory Cutter
Dr. Daphne Cuvelier
J Cybulski
Dr. Helen Czerski
Dr. Detlef Czybulka
Michelle Dan
Dr. Paul Dando
Rebecca Daniel
Theresa Davenport
Kimberly Davies
Dr. Neil Davies
Chuck Davis
Isabel De Block
Alain de Comarmond
Dr. Asha de Vos
Dr. Amy Deacon
Dr. Stacey DeAmicis
Aiko Love del Rosario
Dr. Bruno Delesalle
Fernando Delgado Huechepan
Ombretta Dell'Acqua
Dr. Elizabeth DeLoughrey
Elena Desiderà
Dr. Lyndon DeVantier
Dr. Jasmeet K. Dhaliwal
Dr. Steven D'Hondt
Christian M Diaz Sanchez
Dr. Lawrence Dill
Grete Elisabeth Dinesen
Dr. Alessia Dinoi
Dr. John Dolan
Dr. Tara Dolan
Dr. John Dower
Rachel Downey
Ulrike Drähne
Dr. Patrick Drupp
Dr. Cherisse Du Preez
Dr. Carlos Duarte
Dr. Stanislas Dubois
Dr. Luisa Dueñas
Dr. Daniel Dunn
Maria Duperron
Dr. Scott Durski
Dr. Carole Durussel
Dr. Sylvia Earle
Dr. Marjan Eggermont
Sonigitu Asibong Ekpe
Dr. Abigail Entwistle
Dr. Javier Escartin
Dr. Elva Escobar-Briones
Dr. Patricia Esquete
Dr. Ron Etter
Rebecca Evans
Jacqueline Evans
Dr. Julian Evans
Dr. Lorin Sonigitu Ekpe
Ben Farmer
Dr. Sarah Faulwetter
Frederik Feldmann
Karl Fellenius
Dr. Vicki Ferrini
Dr. Lorraine Filipek
Aria Finkelstein
Dr. Clare Fitzsimmons
Dr. Paulo Fonseca
Dr. Maria Forlenza
Dr. Daniel Fornari
Dr. Daniel Fornari
Sarah Foster
Dr. Mara Freilich
Dr. Silvia Frey
Dennis Fritsch
Janessy Frometa
Dr. Susanna Fuller
Dr. Oscar Gaggiotti
Dr. Austin Gallagher
Dr. Eugene Gallagher
Dr. Eugene Gallagher
Dr. Monica Galligan
Dr. Natalya Gallo
Chloe Game
Dr. Anjani Ganase
Sara García-Morales
Dr. Rowan Gard
Dr. Melissa Garren
Heidi Gartner
Ryan Gasbarro
Alan Gaul
Dr. Andrey Gebruk
Gayathra Charuka Bandara Aldeniyagoda Gedara
John Geil
Emilie Geissinger
Steve Gerber
Dr. Shane Gero
Dr. Mackenzie Gerringer
Valentin Geslin
Gurveena Ghataure
Matthew Gianni
Dr. Jonatha Giddens
Dr. Lucy Gilliam
Solene Giraudeau-Potel
Dr. Peter Girguis
Kristina Gjerde
Raoul Glass
Dr. Brian Glazer
Dr. Judith Gobin
Dr. Brendan Godley
Dr. Emanuel Gonçalves
Emilio González
Dr. Mariano Gonzalez Roglich
Dr. Fernando Gonzalez Taboada
Lucy Goodwin
Laura Gordon
Dr. Liron Goren
Hugh Govan
Adriana Gracia
Dr. Jacques Grall
Dr. Marco Grasso
Dr Huw Griffiths
Dr. Maria Grigoratou
Renee Grogan
Dr. Nicolas Grisouard
Dr. Kirsten Grorud-Colvert
Dr. David Gruber
Dr. Benjamin Grupe
Miguel Guerreiro
Dr. Juergen Guerrero-Kommritz
Dr. Thomas P. Guilderson
Dr. Maila Guilhon
Lina Gutierrez-Cala
Linda Gustafsson
Dr. Steven Haddock
Svenja Halfter
Dr. Jason Hall-Spencer
Graham Hamley
Dr. Øyvind Hammer
Dr. Jennifer Hammock
Dr. Justyna Hampel
Dr. Shannon Hampton
Nova Hanson
Dr. Harriet Harden-Davies
Dr. Jean Harris
Dr. Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb
Alexandra Haselmair
Michelle Hauer
Philip Haupt
Dr. Helena Hauss
Dr. Lucy Hawkes
Dr. Julie Hawkins
Britney Hay
Gregory Hellyer
Dr. Rebecca Helm
Dr. Sarah Helyar
Britt Henke
Dr. Sian Henley
Charlotte Henriksen
Dr. Lea-Anne Henry
Dr. Santiago Herrera
Erica Herrera
Dr. Serge Heussner
Dr. Nicholas Higgs
Dr. Ana Hilário
Richard Hildreth
Dr Jenny Hillman
Dr. Mandy Hinzmann
Dr. Mark Hixon
Fabio Hochleitner
Dr. Cora Hoerstmann
Dr. Colleen Hoffman
Raissa Hogan
Dr. Jordan Hollarsmith
Dr. Charlotte Hopkins
Dr. Tammy Horton
Pippa Howard
Dickon Howell
Dr. Kerry Howell
Lucy Howey
Sarah Hu
Dr. Julie Huber
Edvard Hviding
Federico Ibarra
Daniel Ierodiaconou
Ilysa Iglesias
Dr. Katie Inderbitzen
Rachel Irish
Evagoras Isaias
Dr. Khaira Ismail
Timur Jack-Kadioglu
Dr. Jennifer Jacquet
Dr. Aline Jaeckel
Dr. Glenn Jaecks
Cara James
Dr. Annika Janssen-Kaufeld
Dr. Marcel Jaspars
Dr. Anna Jażdżewska
Dr. Rachel Jeffreys
Dr. Stuart Jenkins
Dr. Kenneth Johnson
Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson
Shannon Johnson
Dr. Steven Johnson
Dr. Emily Jones
Dr. Peter Jones
Dr. Rose Jones
Dr. Benjamin Jones
Dr. Peter J.S. Jones
Dr. Bo Barker Jørgensen
Dr. Siddhi Joshi
Dr. Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
Dr. Frank Joyce
Dr. Samantha Joye
Ronny Jumeau
Julia Jung
Dr. S. Kim Juniper
Lashanti Jupp
Dr. Benjamin Kahn
Dr. Tēvita Kaʻili
Dr. Laura Kaikkonen
Dr. Stefanie Kaiser
Dr Christopher Kaiser-Bunbury
Dr. Björn Källström
Dr. Anne R. Kapuscinski
Ulrich Karlowski
Theresa Keates
Dr. Lucy Keith-Diagne
Dr. Stefanie Keller
Dr. Christopher Kelley
Dr. Oliver Kersten
Dr. Ahmet E Kideys
Dr. Aistė Klimašauskaitė
Dr. Kevin Kocot
Dr. Mariano Koen-Alonso
Dr. Anna Koester
Dr. Jessica Kolbusz
Dr. Heather Koldewey
Dr. Regina Kolzenburg
Dr. Juliana Kouwenberg
Dr. Muddula Krishna Naranji
Dr. Kerstin Kröger
Dr. Frano Kršinić
Shelly Krueger
Dr. Piotr Kukliński
Dr. Biju Kumar
Dr. Slawomir Kwasniewski
Dr. Elise Laetz
Dr. Christopher Laing
Alexandra Kler Lago
Dr. Claire Laguionie Marchais
Laura Lallier
Dr. Carl Lamborg
Dr. Sven Laming
Alex Lapides
Dr. Rachel Lauer
Dr. Peter Lawton
Dr. Philippe Le Billon
Dr. Nadine Le Bris
Leandro Ledezma
Katharina Leeb
Jan Leitinger
Dr. Astrid Leitner
Dr. Juliana Leonard
Jake Letori
Dr. Eva Leu
Pierandrea Leucci
Dr. Lisa Levin
Pierre-Olivier Liabot
Dr. Susanna Lidstrom
Dr. Susan Lieberman
Dr. Fernando P. Lima
Dr. Steve Lindfield
Johan Lissenberg
Dr. Kate Littler
Dr. Fengjie Liu
Amanda Lloyd
Dr. Edgardo Londono-Cruz
Megan Lubetkin
Kim Ludwig
Jason Lynch
Dr. Lara Macheriotou
Dr. Annika Mackensen
Sergio Madrigal Mora
Dr. Thomas Maes
Dr. Christopher Mah
Edward Málaga-Trillo
Chris Malanuk
Dr. Alenka Malej
Dr. Tracy Mandel
Anai Mangos
Dr. Judy Mann
Eimear Manning
Nelson Manrique
Dr. Jeffrey Marlow
Dr. Antonio Marques
Virginie Marques
Melissa Marquez
Dr. Harmony Martell
Cyrill Martin
SEVERINE martini
Dr. Irene Martins
Christophe Mason-Parker
G M Masum Billah
Dr. George Matsumoto
Jamie Maxwell
Dr. Carlotta Mazzoldi
Dr. Ana Carolina Mazzuco
Dr. Douglas McCauley
Dr. Craig McClain
Dr. Lillian McCormick
Marina McCowin
Karl McLetchie
Helena McMonagle
Dr. Kirsty McQuaid
Dr. Jan Mees
Beatriz Mejía Mercado
Renee Melkert
Dr. Anja Menzel
Dr. Nancy F. Mercado Salas
Dr. Andrew Merrie
Véronique Merten
Dr. Charles G Messing
Dr. Nélia Mestre
Dr. Anna Metaxas
Dr. Lisa Mevenkamp
Dr. Loïc N. Michel
Dr. Fiorenza Micheli
Olga Mironenko
Dr. Emily Mitchell
Dr. Christian Mohn
Inga Mohrbeck
Nicolas Moity
Matěj Moleš
Dr. Klas Ove Möller
Aoife Molloy
Dr. Tina Molodtsova
Dr. Enrique Montes
Erika Montoya Cadavid
Dr. Jenna Moore
José Andrés Marín Moraga
Dr. Telmo Morato
Dr. Lance Morgan
Erica Moulton
Dr. Rodrigo Moura
Berry Mulligan
Pablo Muniz
Sheryl Murdock
Kieran Murray
Tyler Murray-Ramcharan
Dr. Sandor Mulsow
Simon Mustoe
Dr. Nyawira Muthiga
Constantinos C Mylonas
Dr. Kakha Nadiradze
Dr. Eduardo Najera Hillman
Melina Nalmpanti
Beatriz Naranjo Elizondo
Dr. Bhavani Narayanaswamy
Jerry Natanine
Neil Nathan
Dr. Carlos Neira
Dr. Danielle Nembhard
Dr. Mei Lin Neo
Janissa Ng
Tanguy Nicolas
Dr. Karina Nielsen
Dr. Holly Niner
Dagnia Nolasco
Dr. Clifton Nunnally
Dr. David Obura
Dr. Irene Olive
Dr. Erik Olsen
Dr. Beth Orcutt
Dr. Covadonga Orejas
Dr. Guillermo Ortuño Crespo
Dr. Maartje Oostdijk
Dean Page
Dr. Deng Palomares
Dr. Ellen Pape
Dr. Chiara Papetti
Lola Paradinas
Dr. Usha Parameswaran
Dr. Camilla Parzanini
Kelvin Passfield
Dr. Vardhan Patankar
Geoffrey Patton
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Dr. Álvaro Peña
Ana Carolina Peralta
Olívia Pereira
Jessica Perelman
Maëva Perez
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Dr. Manoela Pessoa de Miranda
Dr. Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff
Victor Pickering
Loreley Picourt
Felicity Pike
Beth Pike
Rebecca Plant
Dr. Carrie Pomeroy
Dr. Alessandro Ponzo
Sarah Popov
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Dr. Sian Prior
Dr. Ana Prohaska
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Dr. Eleonora Puccinelli
Dr. Patricia Martí Puig
Dr. Andrea Quattrini
Dr. Ana Queiros
Muriel Rabone
Dr. Sofia Ramalho
Kavya Ramesh
Dr. Deni Ramirez
Dr. Eva Ramirez-Llodra
Juita Ramli
Jose Ramon Delgado
Mariella Rasotto
Ascensão Ravara
Dr. Sabine Rech
Dr. Eoghan Reeves
Dr. Mark Rehkämper
Susan Reid
Dr. Veronica Relano
Jasmin Renz
Dr. Pedro Ribeiro
Dr. Pascale Ricard
Patricia Ricard
Dr. Bertrand Richer de Forges
Dr. Rosalind Rickaby
Ibai Rico
Dr. Denise Risch
Dr. Adela Roa-Varon
Dr. Emyr Martyn Roberts
Dr. Murray Roberts
Dr. Callum Roberts
Janet Roberts
Dr. Craig Robertson
Dr. Nathan Robinson
Dr. Luiz Rocha
Dr. Clara Rodrigues
Dr. João Rodrigues
Alexandre Rodriguez
Adriana Rodriguez Bermudez
Dr. Desiree Roerdink
Stefanie Rog
Dr. Alex Rogers
Dr. Mickey Rogers
Callum Rollo
Dr. Luis Martínez Romero
Dr. Naomi A. Rose
Dr. Mercedes Rosello
Dr. Jordan Rosenfield
Dr. Rebecca Ross
Dr. Nicolai Roterman
Dr. Randi Rotjan
Dr. Helen Rozwadowski
Dr. Eric Rubenstein
Luis Rubio
Dr. Etienne Ruellan
Dr. Naidu SA
Dr. Enric Sala
Dr. Anna Sanchez-Vidal
Dr. Gorka Sancho
Sunil Santha
Dr. Nadia Santodomingo
Dr. Ricardo Serrão Santos
Dr. Helen Scales
Dr. Robert Scheibling
Dr. Stefano Schiaparelli
Brian Schlining
Dr. Simon Schneider
Dr. Timm Schoening
Dr. Sandra Schoettner
Dr. James Scourse
Raphael Seguin
Dr. Roland Seib
Dr. Charlotte Seid
Shah Selbe
Dr. Javier Sellanes
Dr. Fred Serchuk
Dr. Katerina Sevastou
Noran Alwakhir Shaarani
Dr. Timothy Shank
Dr. Arvind Shantharam
Dr. Stephanie Sharuga
Dr. Callyn Shelley
Dr. Krista Sherman
Rosie Sherwood
Dr. Rebecca Shipe
Dr. Oliver Shipley
Thomas C Shirley
Rohini Shivamoggi
Dr. Julia Sigwart
Frances Simmons
Dr. John Simpson
Prof. Steve Simpson
Pradeep Singh
Dr. Ravail Singh
Lívia Sinigaglia
Dr. Frederic Sinniger Harii
Dr. Marilou Sison-Mangus
Dr. Martin Skov
Dr. Craig Smith
Dr. Jason Smith
Inge Smith
Marc Smith-Evans
Dr. Joana Soares
Alice Soccodato
Dr. Zacharie Sohou
Adam Sokołowski
Rabia Somers
Kiara Isabella Soto
Dr. Eulogio Soto Oyarzún
Chelsey Souza
Dr. Mark J. Spalding
John Starmer
Dr Paris Stefanoudis
Julia Stefanschitz
Dr. Dirk Steinke
Vanessa Stenvers
Theodora Stephens-Manassieva
Dr. Jonathon Stillman
Dr. Willem Stock
Ina Stoltenberg
Dr. Cait Storr
Austen Elizabeth Stovall
Elizabeth Stuart
Dr. Rashid Sumaila
Dr. Paulo Sumida
Sunjay Sunjay
Dr. Szymon Surma
Dr. Andrea Swei
Dr. Jason Sylvan
Dr. Angela Szesciorka
Diego Tabilo
Sheena Talma
Dr. Christian Tamburini
Prue Taylor
Dr. Michelle Taylor
Dr. Fernando Tempera
Dr. Tarek Temraz
Dr. Andrew Thaler
Torsten Thiele
Elin Thomas
Ellen Thomas
Dr. Kirsten Thompson
Esther Thomsen
Dr. David Thornalley
Dr. Ann Thornton
Maxime Thuillez
Dr. Andrew Thurber
Dana Tigarea
Dr. Ekin Tilic
Dr. Ron Togunov
Dr. Beatrice Tomasi
Nora Torres
Olga Trela
James Tremlett
Dana Tricarico
Daniela Truchet
Dr. Anastasios Tselepides
Dr. Sandy Tudhope
Dr. Verena Tunnicliffe
Evangelos Tzanatos
Dr. Joseph Ulanowski
Judith Underwood
Dr. Sebastian Unger
Chinonso Uzowihe
Vasilis Valavanis
Loïc Van Audenhaege
Dave van Beuningen
Dr. Jesse van der Grient
Dr. Terje van der Meeren
Dr. Sancia van der Meij
Judith van Leeuwen
Yens Vandenboer
Isaac Vandor
Callie Veelenturf
Dr. Monica Verbeek
Babs Verhoeve
Dr. Saskia Vermeylen
Dr. Frederique Viard
Dr. Lissette Victorero
Angelo Villagomez
Diana Villagran
Dr. Amanda Vincent
Beatriz Vinha
Dr. Elina Virtanen
Dr. Martin Visbeck
Bianca Vogt
Dr.-Ing. Matthias Voigt
Susan von Thun
Dr. Colette Wabnitz
Dr. Andrea Waeschenbach
Dr. Daniel Wagner
Paula Walker
Jessica Walker
Katy Walker
Hans Walters
Dr. Mel Wang
Dr. Ben Ward
Dr. Christine Ward-Paige
Dr. Bob Warner
Dr. Sophia Wassermann
Dr. Les Watling
Dr. Lindy Weilgart
Dr. Rebecca Wellard
Dr. Jacob Wenegrat
Dr. Edith Widder
Dr. Helena Wiklund
Antonella Wilby
Dr. Alix Willemez
Rosie Williams
Dr. Nancy Williams
Haley Williams
Jacob Winnikoff
Dr. Matthew Witt
Aleah Wong
Candace Wong
Dr. Lucy Woodall
Matt Woodstock
Dr. Boris Worm
Jessika Woroniak
Dr. Katrine Worsaae
Dr. Dawn Wright
Erik Wurz
Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki
Dr. Joana Xavier
Dr. Semra Yalcin
Ana Belen Yanez Suarez
Batuhan Çağrı Yapan
Dr. Moriaki Yasuhara
Daniela Yepes-Gaurisas
Dr. Hillary Young
Dr. Emily Young
Uwe Zajonz
Dr. Anna Zalik
Carlo Zampieri
Ilena Zanella
Dr. Amanda Ziegler
Dr. Rachel Zuercher
Selby Zuma
Peer-review journal resources
Singh, 2022. The Invocation of the ‘Two-Year Rule’ at the International Seabed Authority: Legal Consequences and Implications https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10098
Amon et al., 2022. Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006
Duarte et al., 2020. Rebuilding marine life https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2146-7
Drazen et al., 2020. Opinion: Midwater ecosystems must be considered when evaluating environmental risks of deep-sea mining https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17455
Levin et al., 2020. Challenges to the sustainability of deep-seabed mining https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0558-x
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IUCN Deep seabed mining report, 2018 https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/47761
Miller et al., 2018. An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418/full
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Wedding et al., 2015. Managing mining of the deep seabed https://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6244/144.summary
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